Analysis of changes in mortality of children and adolescents aged 5 to 19 years in China from 2004 to 2018 and policy effects / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To analyze the trend of child and adolescent mortality rate in China from 2004 to 2018 and explore the possible policy effects. Methods: This study used the mortality data of child and adolescent aged 5 to 19 years from 2004 to 2018 based on the National Disease Surveillance System. Age-standardized mortality rate was calculated by using the population from the sixth national census. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze the trend of child and adolescent mortality with different features from 2004 to 2018. Results: From 2004 to 2018, the overall mortality rate of children and adolescents in China dropped from 40.02 per 100 000 to 22.00 per 100 000, and the average annual percentage change (AAPC) was -4.28 (95%CI:-5.35,-3.20,P<0.001). The mortality rate dropped rapidly from 2004 to 2006, and the annual percentage change (APC) was -9.20 (95%CI:-15.63,-2.28,P=0.017). The decline rate slowed down between 2006 and 2013, and the APC was -1.56 (95%CI:-2.78,-0.33,P=0.020). The downward trend accelerated from 2013 to 2018, and the APC was -5.99 (95%CI:-7.52,-4.43,P<0.001). The trend of child mortality rate in rural area, females, eastern provinces of China, children aged 10 to 14 years, children aged 15 to 19 years, and injury mortality rate were basically consistent with the overall trend. The child mortality rate in urban area, central provinces of China and the mortality rate of infectious diseases, maternal and infant, and nutritional deficiencies diseases showed a uniform downward trend from 2004 to 2018, with AAPC values about -3.59 (95%CI:-4.38,-2.78,P<0.001), -2.89 (95%CI:-3.24,-2.54,P<0.001) and -6.66 (95%CI:-7.64,-5.68,P<0.001), respectively. Conclusion: The mortality rate of children and adolescents aged 5 to 19 years in China continues to decline from 2004 to 2018, and the decline rate becomes faster after 2011.

Methods for evaluating overweight and obesity among children and adolescents and application in SPSS and SAS / 中华预防医学杂志

Overweight/obesity has become one of the major public health problems among children and adolescents all over the world. The current screening standards for overweight and obesity in children and adolescents are not unified. It is easy to make mistakes and inefficient to evaluate item by item or develop self-written packages. Taking the"Screening standards for overweight and obesity in Chinese school-age children and adolescents"as an example, this study introduced four methods and procedures for evaluating overweight and obesity among children and adolescents from the world and China and described their application methods in combination with specific cases. At the same time, the SPSS and SAS packages were compiled and the specific application steps were explained, so that users could correctly and quickly screen overweight and obesity among children and adolescents, and conduct horizontal comparisons of similar studies across different regions.

Subnational inequalities of early marriage and fertility among Chinese females from 1990 to 2010 / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the inequality of early marriage and adolescent fertility with respect to local economic development among Chinese females aged 15-19 years from 1990 to 2010.@*METHODS@#Aggregated data were extracted from the Chinese National Census from 1990 to 2010. We calculated the ever-married rate and fertility rate of female adolescents aged 15-19 years. Using gross domestic product (GDP) per capita as an indicator for socio-economic status of a province, we calculated the slope index of inequality (SII) and the concentration index (CI) to analyze the subnational inequalities of early marriage and adolescent fertility. Weighted linear regression models were also established to assess the associations between GDP per capita and the ever-married rate/fertility rate.@*RESULTS@#The ever-married rate for Chinese female adolescents aged 15-19 years decreased from 4.7% in 1990 to 1.2% in 2000, and rebounded to 2.1% in 2010. From 1990 to 2000, the fertility rate decreased from 22.0 per 1 000 to 6.0 per 1 000, and further decreased to 5.9 per 1 000 in 2010. In 1990, the socio-economic inequalities of the ever-married rate and fertility rate for female adolescents aged 15-19 years were not statistically significant (P for SII or CI>0.05). The values of SII revealed that, in 2000 and 2010, female adolescents with the lowest GDP per capita had an ever-married rate 2.4% (95%CI: 0.4-4.4) and 2.3% (95%CI: 0.3-4.2) higher than those with the highest GDP per capita, respectively. In the meantime, in 2000 and 2010, female adolescents with the lowest GDP per capita had a fertility rate 12.9 per 1 000 (95%CI: 5.4-20.5) and 9.3 per 1 000 (95%CI: 4.6-14.0) higher than those with the highest, respectively. In 2000 and 2010, the CIs for marriage were -0.32 (P=0.02) and -0.17 (P=0.03), respectively, and the CIs for childbirth were -0.37 (P<0.01) and -0.26 (P<0.01), respectively. In 2000, the ever-married rate and the fertility rate were estimated to increase by 1.4% (95%CI: 0.1-2.7) and 7.9 per 1 000 (95%CI: 2.9-12.8) with 100% increase in GDP per capita, respectively; in 2010, the numbers were 1.5% (95%CI: 0.1-2.9) and 6.7 per 1 000 (95%CI: 3.2-10.1), respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#Subnational socio-economic inequality of early marriage and adolescent fertility existed in 2000 and 2010. Female adolescents residing in less-developed areas were more likely to engage in early marriage and childbirth. Reducing income inequality and increasing education investment for poverty-stricken areas seem to be effective measures to reduce this inequality.

Trends of prevalence of excellent health status and physical fitness among Chinese Han students aged 13 to 18 years from 1985 to 2014 / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the trends of prevalence of excellent health status and physical fitness among Chinese Han students aged 13 to 18 years from 1985 to 2014.@*METHODS@#In the study, 738 523 students aged 13 to 18 years were extracted from the 1985 to 2014 Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health. Height, weight, vital capacity and indicators of physical fitness were measured for each student. According to National Standards for Students' Physical Health (2014 Revision), students meeting an overall score ≥ 90.0 were considered to be of excellent health status and physical fitness. We used the Chi-square test to compare the differences in prevalence of excellent health status and physical fitness among different subgroups and draw maps of regional distribution of prevalence by using ArcGIS.@*RESULTS@#From 1985 to 2014, the average height, weight, and BMI for Chinese Han students aged 13 to 18 years increased consistently, while the average vital capacity and indicators of physical fitness fluctuated largely. The overall prevalence of excellent health status and physical fitness increased from 2.7% in 1985 to 4.4% in 1995, dropped consistently to 1.1% in 2005, rebounded 0.6 percentage points in 2010, and increased to 2.2% in 2014. In each survey year, the prevalence for the boys was always higher than for the girls (P<0.001), the prevalence for middle school students aged 13 to 15 years was always higher than for high school students aged 16-18 years (P<0.001), and the prevalence for students in eastern region was higher than in western and central regions (P<0.001). In 1985 and 1995, the prevalence in certain provinces in eastern and central regions was <1%. In 2005, almost half provinces (14/30) had a prevalence <1%. In 2014, provinces in eastern coastal areas had relatively high prevalence of excellent health status and physical fitness in students aged 13 to 18 years, while provinces in central and western regions had relatively low prevalence.@*CONCLUSION@#A fluctuating trend of the prevalence of excellent health status and physical fitness has been observed among Chinese Han students aged 13 to 18 years during the past three decades. There is great difference between the current prevalence of excellent health status and physical fitness and the goal of Outline of the Healthy China 2030 Plan, thus, the effective interventions and strategies for promoting students' physical activity and physical fitness are urgently needed in China.

Effects of dibutyl phthalate and monobutyl phthalate on testosterone secretion and insulin-like factor 3 expression of Leydig tumor cells in mice / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effects of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and monobutyl phthalate (MBP) on the mRNA and protein expression of insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) in the Leydig tumor cells (MA-10) of mice and the level of testosterone secreted from MA-10 cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The MA-10 cells of mice, used as a cellular model, were exposed to DBP and MBP. The content of testosterone in the supernatant medium was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; the mRNA and protein expression levels of INSL3 in MA-10 cells were measured by quantitative PCR and Western Blot.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the control group, MA-10 cells showed increased synthesis of testosterone when exposed to low concentrations of DBP and MBP (10(-9) ∼ 10(-6) mol/L) and inhibited synthesis of testosterone when exposed to high concentrations of DBP and MBP (10(-3) mol/L), and the typical two-way effects became more significant as the time went one and the concentrations increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, MA-10 cells showed significantly lower mRNA and protein expression levels of INSL3 when exposed to 10(-6) and 10(-4) mol/L DBP (P < 0.05); MA-10 cells showed increased protein expression of INSL3 when exposed to 10(-7) mol/L MBP, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of INSL3 decreased as the concentration of MBP increased.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>DBP and MBP can inhibit the secretion of testosterone from MA-10 cells at high concentrations, but stimulate the secretion of testosterone at low concentrations. Both DBP and MBP have inhibitory effects on the mRNA and protein expression of INSL3 in MA-10 cells.</p>

The effect of suppressive oligodeoxynucleotides on interferon-γ and phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 4 expression of silica-induced pulmonary inflammation in mice / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the protective effect of suppressive oligodeoxynucleotides (Sup ODN) on interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (pSTAT4) expression of Silica-induced pulmonary inflammation in Mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty Balb/c mice were randomly divided into 4 groups, normal control group, silicious group, suppressive oligodeoxynucleotides (Sup ODN) group, control oligodeoxynucleotides (Con ODN) group. Except the normal control group injected normal saline, the rest groups were induced by the intratracheal instillation of 0.1 ml (5 g/L) of sterilized silica suspension. Sup ODN group and Con ODN group were treated by i.p. injection of 0.3 ml (1mg/mL) of suppressive or control ODN 3 h before silica administration. After 7 days, the animals were killed and levels of IFN-γ were detected by ELISA. The pathologic changes in lung tissues of mice were observed with HE staining. Expressions of IFN-γ and pSTAT4 in lung tissue were detected with immunohistochemistry and quantified by Image-Pro Plus 7.0.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>HE staining showed that the lung tissue of silicious group were damaged seriously than Sup ODN group. Compared with the normal control group (serum: (280.1±41.3) pg/ml, lung tissue: (0.249±0.373), IFN-γ increased in silicious group (serum: (886.3±81.7) pg/ml, lung tissue: (0.270±0.300) (P < 0.05). Compared with the normal control group and Con ODN group [(894.5±91.6) pg/ml], IFN-γ in the serum of Sup ODN group decreased significantly (P < 0.01). Compared with the silicious group , IFN-γ in lung tissue decreased in Sup ODN group (0.241±0.250) (P < 0.05). Compared with the normal control group (0.279±0.353), pSTAT4 in lung tissue increased significantly in silicious group (0.313±0.231) (P < 0.01). Compared with the silicious group, pSTAT4 in lung tissue decreased significantly in Sup ODN group (0.269±0.523) (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Sup ODN attained protective effect on Silica treated mice by suppressing expression of IFN-γ and pSTAT4.</p>

Effects of lead on protein kinase C expression in U251 cell line / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effects of lead on mRNA and protein expression of PKC in U251 cell line.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>After U251 cells were exposed to 0.05, 0.50, 5.00, 50.00, 500.00, 900.00 and 1000.00 micromol/L Ph(Ac)2 for 24 hours, the cytotoxicity of Pb on U251 cells was measured by MTT assay. RT-PCR and Western blot assay were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels of PKC in U251 cells exposed to 0.05, 5.00 and 500.00 micromol/L Ph (Ac), for 24 hours.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The survival rates of U251 cells treated with 5.00, 50.00, 500.00, 900.00 and 1000.00 micromol/L Pb (Ac)2 were 84.5%, 78.2%, 76.5%, 50.3% and 43.2%, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of control group (P < 0.01). The PKC mRNA expression level (0.40 +/- 0.01) of U251 cells treated with 500.00 micromol/L Pb (Ac)2 was significantly lower than that (0.51 +/- 0.02) of control group (P < 0.01). The PKC protein expression levels of U251 cells treated with 0.05, 5.00 or 500.00 micromol/L Pb(Ac)2 were 0.68 +/- 0.02, 0.62 +/- 0.01 and 0.33 +/- 0.02, respectively, which were significantly lower (0.98 +/- 0.01) than those of control group (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Lead can decline the cell viability, PKC mRNA and protein expression levels of U251 cells.</p>

Genetic analysis of genitourinary malformations / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the expression of genes from chromosomal region 22q11.2 and assess the association between mutation(s) of particular gene(s) from this region and malformations of the urinary system.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Expression of rat homologs of 33 genes from above region was determined in kidney tissues derived from rats of different fetal development ages (E13, E15, E19) and adulthood with reverse transcriptase-PCR. Potential mutation(s) in candidate gene SNAP29, whose expression pattern appeared to be unique, was screened in 44 patients and 220 normal controls with PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). Suspected positive regions were sequenced to verify the mutations.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Nine genes showed no expression throughout the whole development process; 18 genes with various expression levels showed continuous expression from the beginning of development; 6 genes only expressed for a short time, among which SNAP29 was selected for mutation screening. Upon sequencing, three mutations were identified from the 44 patients, including a G to A transition (GAG to AAG) in exon 2, and two A to G transitions (AGC to GGC) in exon 3.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Through systematic analysis of the expression of genes from chromosomal region 22q11.2, the SNAP29 gene was found to have a potential role in the development of genitourinary system. Two missense mutations were identified in three patients. These included one in exon 2 (featuring cryptorchidism), and the other in exon 3 (featuring cryptorchidism and hypospadia). Neither of the mutations was found in the normal controls. The results suggested that mutation(s) of gene(s) from chromosomal region 22q11.2 may play an important role in the genesis of genitourinary malformations.</p>

Effects of lead exposure on protein kinase C and calmodulin expression in hippocampus of baby-rats / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effect of chronic lead contaminant on protein expression of protein kinase (PKC) and calmodulin (CaM) in hippocampus of baby-rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The Wistar pregnant rats were randomly divided into 3 groups fed with distilled water and lead-contained water (0.2% and 1.0% lead acetate) respectively. The lead exposure period ranged from the 0 day of pregnancy to the offspring weaned. Then the baby-rats were fed with lead water the same as their mothers. Pups were killed at postnatal day 8 and 50 respectively. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine lead content of rats' brain. Western-blotting was used to observe protein expression of PKC and CaM in hippocampus of baby-rats.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The brain lead content of test groups was much higher than that of the control group in the same growth period (P < 0.01). The content of brain lead in rats of postnatal day 50 was significantly higher than that of rats of postnatal day 8 (P < 0.01). Compared with control group, PKC and CaM protein expressions of chronic lead exposure baby-rats in the hippocampus were down trend (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The decrease of PKC and CaM protein expression level in hippocampus might be one of the molecular mechanisms of lead induced impairment of learning and memory.</p>

Effects of lead exposure on protein kinase C and calmodulin expression in hippocampus and neurobehavioral function of baby rats / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effect of chronic lead contaminant on mRNA expression of protein kinase C (PKC) and calmodulin (CaM) in hippocampus of baby rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The Wistar pregnant rats were randomly divided into 3 groups fed with distilled water and lead contained water (0.2% and 1.0% lead acetate) respectively. The lead exposure period was from the 0 day of pregnancy to the day when the offspring weaned. Then the baby rats were fed with lead water the same as their mothers. The cliff avoidance reflex within postnatal day 8 and step down test at postnatal day 50 were performed. Then pups were killed at postnatal day 8 and 50 respectively. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine lead content of rats' brain. RT-PCR was used to observe mRNA expression of PKC and CaM in hippocampus of baby rats.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The brain lead content of test groups were much higher than that of the control group. The completion rate of cliff avoidance reflex and the score of step down test of test groups were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with control group, PKC and CaM mRNA expression of chronic lead exposure baby rats in the hippocampus had the down trend (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The decrease of PKC and CaM mRNA expression level in hippocampus has a great link with the impairment of learning and memory induced by lead in baby rats, which might be one of the molecule mechanisms of lead induced impairment of learning and memory.</p>

Effects of lead exposure on acid-sensing ion channel in hippocampus of baby-rats / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effects of chronic lead exposure on mRNA and protein expression of ASIC1a, ASIC2a, ASIC2b in hippocampus of baby-rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The Wistar pregnant rats were randomly divided into 3 groups fed with distilled water or lead contained water (0.2% and 1.0% lead acetate) respectively, 5 rats in each group. The lead-exposure ranged from the 0 day of pregnancy to the offspring weaned. Then the baby-rats were fed with lead water like their mothers and killed at postnatal day 8 or 50. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine lead content in the brain. RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to observe mRNA and protein expression of ASIC1a, ASIC2a and ASIC2b in their hippocampus respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The brain lead content of test groups was higher than that of the control group (P < 0.01), and the lead content of the postnatal day 50 was higher than that in postnatal day 8 (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, ASIC1a mRNA expression of 1.0% lead exposure in the hippocampus was uptrend (P < 0.01), ASIC1a protein expression of each test group was downtrend (P < 0.05), while for ASIC2a and ASIC2b mRNA and protein, there was no significant differences observed (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>ASIC1a expression in hippocampus can be changed by chronic lead exposure.</p>

Palindromic sequence-mediated de novo chromosome translocation in sperm samples derived from normal and oligospermic males / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To systematically explore the occurrence of a novel type of chromosome translocation in human sperm samples.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Specific translocation junction fragments were quantified using nested and/or multi-nested PCR in sperm DNA derived from 28 oligospermic patients and 32 normal controls.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>t(11;22) was detected in 49 samples. At least 4 samples were found to have t(1;22) (p21.2;q11.2), t(17;22) (q11;q11) or t(X;22) (q27;q11). The mutation rate seemed to be associated not with age or semen volume, but with sperm concentration (r = -0.389, P < 0.05) and motility (r = -0.397, P < 0.05). Correlation was not found between homology of palindromic sequences and mutation rate.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Palindromic sequence mediated chromosome translocation is common in human sperm, and associated with sperm concentration and motility. Measurement of such mutations may provide a molecular-level reference for assessing sperm quality.</p>

Study on inhibitory effects of c9, t11-conjugated linoleic acid on migration of human gastric carcinoma cell line via cyclooxygenase-2 pathway / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the inhibitory effects of c9, t11-conjugated linoleic acid (c9, t11-CLA) on migration of human gastric carcinoma cell line (SGC-7901) via cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathway.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>After inhibiting COX-2 activity by 100 micromol/L COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 in SGC-7901 cell, we treated SGC-7901 cells with c9, t11-CLA at a concentration of 200,100, 50, 25 micromol/L for 24 h, respectively. Using reconstituted basement membrane invasion, adhesion, chemotaxis assays, we detected the effect of c9, t11-CLA and COX-2 on the cell migration.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared to NS-398 group, 200, 100 micromol/L c9, t11-CLA significantly suppressed SGC-7901 cells invading into the reconstituted basement membrane (F = 14.309, P = 0.000; F = 19.005, P = 0.000). 200 micromol/L c9, t11-CLA significantly inhibited SGC-7901 cells adhering to laminin, fibronectin and Matrigel (F = 3.063, P = 0.021; F = 6.692, P = 0.001; F = 11.999, P = 0.000). The chemotaxis of SGC-7901 cells and inhibitory frequency were significantly decreased in the 200 micromol/L c9, t11-CLA group (F = 1.380, P = 0.276).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>c9, t11-CLA inhibits invasion, adhesion and chemotaxis of SGC-7901 cells, and the COX-2 plays an important role in the process. [ Key words]</p>

Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on the expression of critical enzymes of linoleic acid metabolism in tumor cell / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To study the effects of c9,t11-conjugated linoleic acid (c9,t11-CLA) on critical enzymes of linoleic acid metabolism in stomach granular cell (SGC-7901).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>SGC-7901 was treated with c9,t11-CLA by 200, 100, 50 or 25 micromol/L for 24 hours. The effects of c9,t11-CLA on the cell proliferation was measured by monotetrazolium and the expression of Delta6-desaturase, Delta5-desaturase, COX-1, COX-2, 5-LOX mRNA were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>At a concentration of 200, 100, 50, or 25 micromol/L, c9,t11-CLA suppressed the proliferation of SGC-7901 by 54.3%, 20.5%, 10.5% and 2.93%. The c9,t11-CLA might decrease the expression of COX-2 mRNA, and increase the expression of Delta6-desaturase and COX-1 in SGC-7901, but might not affect Delta5-desaturase and 5-LOX.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The effects of c9,t11-CLA on the COX and Delta6-desaturase might play an important role in mediating the ability of c9,t11-CLA as to inhibiting the proliferation of tumor cells, and the anti-cancer activity by c9,t11-CLA might be associated with the linoleic acid metabolism.</p>